1.
Section A
Physiology is the study of:
3.
Section A
The basic unit of life is:
4.
Section A
Diffusion is movement from:
5.
Section A
Osmosis involves movement of:
6.
Section A
Active transport requires:
8.
Section A
Positive feedback is seen in
10.
Section A
Salivary amylase digests:
11.
Section A
Protein digestion begins in:
12.
Section A
Main site of absorption is:
13.
Section A
Bile helps in digestion of:
16.
Section A
Lactase deficiency causes:
20.
Section A
Left ventricle pumps into:
31.
Section A
Breathing is controlled by:
34.
Section A
Functional unit of nervous system:
41.
Section A
Insulin lowers blood glucose
42.
Section A
Glucagon increases blood glucose
43.
Section A
Thyroid regulates metabolism
44.
Section A
Cortisol is stress hormone
49.
Section A
Potassium is important for:
51.
Section B
A patient with chronic diarrhea presents with fat malabsorption and steatorrhea. The most likely deficiency is in:
52.
Section B
Reduced hemoglobin levels primarily affect:
53.
Section B
A rise in blood glucose after a meal triggers insulin release. This is an example of:
54.
Section B
A patient with chronic kidney disease should limit intake of:
55.
Section B
In insulin resistance, which tissue shows decreased glucose uptake?
56.
Section B
Increased sodium intake leads to:
57.
Section B
A patient with hypothyroidism is likely to exhibit:
59.
Section B
In metabolic acidosis, the body compensates by:
60.
Section B
Vitamin A deficiency leads to:
61.
Section B
A patient with anemia will show:
62.
Section B
Chronic stress leads to prolonged elevation of:
63.
Section B
Magnesium deficiency leads to:
64.
Section B
A deficiency in intrinsic factor leads to impaired absorption of:
65.
Section B
Omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial because they:
66.
Section B
A diet rich in fiber helps reduce:
67.
Section B
Which nutrient is critical for neurotransmitter synthesis?
68.
Section B
Which system primarily maintains acid-base balance along with lungs?
69.
Section B
Reduced hemoglobin levels primarily affect:
70.
Section B
Insulin and glucagon work together to maintain:
71.
Section B
During exercise, increased CO₂ levels stimulate:
72.
Section B
A rise in blood glucose after a meal triggers insulin release. This is an example of:
73.
Section B
Protein deficiency affects:
74.
Section B
A high glycemic index food causes:
75.
Section B
The enteric nervous system primarily regulates:
76.
Section B
During anaerobic exercise, energy is produced via:
77.
Section B
Nutrition directly affects:
78.
Section B
Anti-inflammatory diet includes:
79.
Section B
Cortisol excess leads to:
80.
Section B
A patient with gut dysbiosis is likely to experience:
81.
Section B
High sugar intake leads to:
82.
Section B
The Bohr effect facilitates oxygen release in tissues with:
83.
Section B
Gut microbiota influence:
84.
Section B
A diet high in trans fats is most likely to increase:
85.
Section B
Vitamin D deficiency primarily affects:
86.
Section B
Muscle contraction is directly dependent on:
87.
Section B
Chronic inflammation is linked to:
89.
Section B
A patient with hypothyroidism is likely to exhibit:
90.
Section B
During prolonged fasting, the body primarily relies on:
91.
Section B
Electrolyte imbalance affects:
92.
Section B
A rise in blood glucose after a meal triggers insulin release. This is an example of:
93.
Section B
A patient presents with obesity, high insulin levels, and irregular cycles. The condition is most likely:
95.
Section B
Calcium deficiency leads to:
96.
Section B
Chronic dehydration affects:
97.
Section B
Elevated LDL increases risk of:
98.
Section B
Lifestyle diseases are mainly caused by:
100.
Section B
Post-exercise nutrition helps in:
101.
Section B
Integration of physiology and nutrition results in:
103.
Section B
Nutritional therapy is used for:
104.
Section B
Reduced hemoglobin levels primarily affect:
105.
Section C
A person with chronic dehydration experiences fatigue and low urine output. Which hormone is involved?
106.
Section C
A patient with chronic kidney disease is advised to limit protein intake. Why?
107.
Section C
A patient experiences high blood glucose after meals due to insulin resistance. Which tissue is primarily affected?
108.
Section C
A patient with high LDL levels is advised to increase fiber intake. Why?
109.
Section C
A patient consuming a high-sodium diet develops hypertension. Which physiological mechanism is responsible?
110.
Section C
A patient with anemia complains of breathlessness during mild activity. Why?
111.
Section C
A patient with vitamin D deficiency shows poor calcium absorption. Which system is affected?
112.
Section C
A diabetic patient is advised to consume low glycemic index foods. Why?
113.
Section C
A patient with high cortisol shows weight gain. Which metabolism is affected?
114.
Section C
After a high-fat meal, bile secretion increases. What is the primary role of bile here?
115.
Section C
A patient with PCOS shows insulin resistance. What is the metabolic issue?
116.
Section C
A person exercising regularly shows improved insulin sensitivity. Why?
117.
Section C
A person consuming high trans fats develops heart disease. What is the cause?
118.
Section C
During intense exercise, a person experiences muscle fatigue due to lactic acid buildup. Which process is involved?
119.
Section C
A person consuming omega-3 fatty acids shows reduced inflammation. What is the mechanism?
120.
Section C
A patient with dehydration shows low blood pressure. What is the reason?
121.
Section C
A person with electrolyte imbalance shows muscle cramps. Which function is affected?
122.
Section C
A patient with vitamin B12 deficiency shows neurological symptoms. Why?
123.
Section C
A patient with hypothyroidism shows weight gain and fatigue. What is the metabolic change?
124.
Section C
A person with chronic inflammation is advised antioxidant-rich foods. Why?
125.
Section C
A patient with asthma shows difficulty breathing. Which structure is affected?
126.
Section C
A patient with electrolyte imbalance shows confusion. Why?
127.
Section C
A person consuming low potassium shows arrhythmia. Why?
128.
Section C
A patient with gut microbiota imbalance shows inflammation. What is the cause?
129.
Section C
A person with high-fiber diet shows improved digestion. Why?
130.
Section C
A patient with metabolic syndrome shows obesity and high BP. What is the cause?
131.
Section C
A patient with low hemoglobin shows fatigue. Which physiological function is impaired?
132.
Section C
A patient with iron deficiency shows reduced oxygen delivery. Why?
133.
Section C
A patient with vitamin C deficiency shows poor wound healing. Why?
134.
Section C
A patient with low thyroid hormone shows fatigue. Why?
135.
Section C
A person consuming probiotics shows improved immunity. Why?
136.
Section C
A person with chronic stress shows increased fat accumulation. Which hormone is responsible?
137.
Section C
A patient with hypertension is advised to reduce sodium intake. Why?
138.
Section C
A high-protein diet supports muscle growth. Which process is enhanced?
139.
Section C
A patient with high sugar intake shows insulin spikes. What is the effect?
140.
Section C
A person with high cholesterol is advised exercise. Why?
141.
Section C
A person consuming high sugar diet shows frequent fatigue. What is the cause?
142.
Section C
A person with magnesium deficiency shows increased stress. Why?
143.
Section C
A person consuming high fat shows delayed gastric emptying. Why?
144.
Section C
A patient with chronic kidney disease shows toxin buildup. Why?
145.
Section C
A patient with high blood sugar shows increased urination. Why?
146.
Section C
A patient with high blood pressure is advised DASH diet. Why?
147.
Section C
A patient with high LDL is advised exercise. Why?
148.
Section C
A balanced diet helps maintain:**
149.
Section C
A patient with inflammation is advised omega-3. Why?
150.
Section C
A patient with obesity shows insulin resistance. What is the primary cause?
151.
Section D
Assertion (A): Homeostasis maintains a stable internal environment.
Reason (R): It regulates physiological variables such as temperature and pH.
152.
Section D
Assertion (A): Diffusion requires energy. Reason (R): It occurs against the concentration gradient.
153.
Section D
Assertion (A): Digestion begins in the mouth. Reason (R): Salivary amylase initiates carbohydrate digestion.
154.
Section D
Assertion (A): Bile contains digestive enzymes. Reason (R): It helps in fat emulsification.
155.
Section D
Assertion (A): Osmosis involves movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane. Reason (R): It occurs from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
156.
Section D
Assertion (A): Lactose intolerance occurs due to enzyme deficiency. Reason (R): Lactase breaks lactose into glucose and galactose.
157.
Section D
Assertion (A): Cardiac output depends on heart rate and stroke volume. Reason (R): These determine blood pumped per minute.
158.
Section D
Assertion (A): Capillaries are ideal for exchange. Reason (R): They have thin walls and large surface area.
159.
Section D
Assertion (A): Oxygen transport depends on hemoglobin. Reason (R): Hemoglobin binds oxygen in red blood cells.
160.
Section D
Assertion (A): Negative feedback stabilizes physiological systems. Reason (R): It amplifies the initial stimulus.
161.
Section D
Assertion (A): Gas exchange occurs in alveoli. Reason (R): Alveoli have thin walls and large surface area for diffusion.
162.
Section D
Assertion (A): Increased carbon dioxide levels stimulate respiration. Reason (R): Chemoreceptors detect changes in blood pH caused by CO₂.
163.
Section D
Assertion (A): Reflex actions are voluntary responses. Reason (R): They are mediated by the spinal cord.
164.
Section D
Assertion (A): ADH increases water reabsorption. Reason (R): It acts on the collecting ducts of the nephron.
165.
Section D
Assertion (A): Carbon dioxide is mainly transported dissolved in plasma. Reason (R): Most carbon dioxide is converted into bicarbonate ions in blood.
166.
Section D
Assertion (A): Inhalation involves contraction of the diaphragm. Reason (R): Contraction increases thoracic cavity volume.
167.
Section D
Assertion (A): The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for stress. Reason (R): It increases heart rate and mobilizes energy.
168.
Section D
Assertion (A): Vitamin A is essential for vision. Reason (R): It is required for the formation of rhodopsin in the retina.
169.
Section D
Assertion (A): High salt intake increases blood pressure. Reason (R): Sodium increases water retention.
170.
Section D
Assertion (A): Arteries always carry oxygenated blood. Reason (R): They carry blood away from the heart.
171.
Section D
Assertion (A): Neurons transmit electrical impulses. Reason (R): Action potentials enable rapid signal transmission.
172.
Section D
Assertion (A): High LDL increases cardiovascular risk. Reason (R): LDL deposits cholesterol in arterial walls.
173.
Section D
Assertion (A): Sodium helps maintain fluid balance. Reason (R): It regulates osmotic pressure in body fluids.
174.
Section D
Assertion (A): ATP is essential for muscle contraction. Reason (R): It provides energy for cross-bridge cycling.
175.
Section D
Assertion (A): Physiology is closely related to nutrition. Reason (R): Nutrients influence body functions and metabolism.
176.
Section D
Assertion (A): Calcium is required for muscle contraction. Reason (R): It enables actin-myosin interaction.
177.
Section D
Assertion (A): Protein digestion begins in the stomach. Reason (R): Pepsin is activated in acidic conditions.
178.
Section D
Assertion (A): Cortisol is a stress hormone. Reason (R): It increases glucose availability during stress.
179.
Section D
Assertion (A): Hormones act as chemical messengers. Reason (R): They are transported through blood to target tissues.
180.
Section D
Assertion (A): Filtration occurs in the glomerulus. Reason (R): Blood plasma is filtered into Bowman’s capsule.
181.
Section D
Assertion (A): Insulin lowers blood glucose levels. Reason (R): It promotes glucose uptake by cells.
182.
Section D
Assertion (A): Exercise increases oxygen demand. Reason (R): Muscles require more ATP during activity.
183.
Section D
Assertion (A): Balanced nutrition supports physiological health. Reason (R): Nutrients regulate metabolic and cellular processes.
184.
Section D
Assertion (A): The small intestine is the primary site of nutrient absorption. Reason (R): It contains villi and microvilli to increase surface area.
185.
Section D
Assertion (A): Synapses allow communication between neurons. Reason (R): Neurotransmitters carry signals across the synaptic cleft.
186.
Section D
Assertion (A): Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption. Reason (R): It increases intestinal calcium uptake.
187.
Section D
Assertion (A): Creatinine is used to assess kidney function. Reason (R): It is a waste product of muscle metabolism.
188.
Section D
Assertion (A): Muscle contraction follows the sliding filament theory. Reason (R): Actin and myosin filaments slide past each other.
189.
Section D
Assertion (A): Nervous and endocrine systems maintain homeostasis. Reason (R): Both regulate body functions through signaling mechanisms.
190.
Section D
Assertion (A): High fat intake delays gastric emptying. Reason (R): Fat slows digestive processes.
191.
Section D
Assertion (A): Electrolyte imbalance affects muscle function. Reason (R): Electrolytes regulate nerve impulse transmission.
192.
Section D
Assertion (A): Bones act as calcium reservoirs. Reason (R): Calcium is stored in the bone matrix.
193.
Section D
Assertion (A): Kidneys regulate fluid balance. Reason (R): They control water and electrolyte excretion.
194.
Section D
Assertion (A): Glucagon raises blood glucose levels. Reason (R): It stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver.
195.
Section D
Assertion (A): Dehydration reduces physical performance. Reason (R): It decreases blood volume and circulation.
196.
Section D
Assertion (A): Oxygen delivery depends on cardiac output. Reason (R): Cardiac output determines blood flow to tissues.
197.
Section D
Assertion (A): Protein is essential for muscle repair. Reason (R): Amino acids are building blocks of muscle tissue.
198.
Section D
Assertion (A): Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism. Reason (R): They increase basal metabolic rate.
199.
Section D
Assertion (A): Insulin resistance leads to hyperglycemia. Reason (R): Cells fail to uptake glucose efficiently.
200.
Section D
Assertion (A): High cholesterol affects heart health. Reason (R): It leads to plaque formation in arteries.
