2.
Section A
Amino acids are classified based on:
3.
Section A
Glycogen is primarily stored in:
4.
Section A
Diabetes mellitus affects:
5.
Section A
Essential fatty acids include:
6.
Section A
ATP is called energy currency because:
14.
Section A
Acid-base balance in the body is mainly regulated by:
15.
Section A
ATP is mainly produced during glycolysis by:
17.
Section A
Fasting state is dominated by:
18.
Section A
Integration of metabolism involves:
22.
Section A
Water-soluble vitamins include:
23.
Section A
Biochemical markers are used for:
25.
Section A
Biochemistry is the study of:
26.
Section A
Protein digestion begins in:
27.
Section A
Water acts as a biological solvent because of its:
28.
Section A
The basic unit of carbohydrates is:
29.
Section A
Proteins are composed of:
31.
Section A
Calcium homeostasis is regulated by:
32.
Section A
The primary function of buffers in the body is to:
33.
Section A
Vitamin K is essential for:
34.
Section A
Transamination involves transfer of:
35.
Section A
Beta-oxidation occurs in:
36.
Section A
Gibbs free energy determines:
38.
Section A
Glucose absorption occurs in:
40.
Section A
Electron transport chain occurs in:
41.
Section A
Vitamin B12 is important for:
42.
Section A
Gluconeogenesis mainly occurs in:
46.
Section A
Phenylketonuria is due to deficiency of:
47.
Section A
Electrolytes are important for:
49.
Section A
Personalized nutrition is based on:
50.
Section B
During anaerobic exercise, energy is produced via:
51.
Section B
Omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial because they:
52.
Section B
A patient with chronic kidney disease should limit intake of:
53.
Section B
A patient with chronic diarrhea presents with fat malabsorption and steatorrhea. The most likely deficiency is in:
54.
Section B
Reduced hemoglobin levels primarily affect:
55.
Section B
A patient with hypothyroidism is likely to exhibit:
56.
Section B
A patient with hyperlipidemia shows increased LDL. This leads to:
57.
Section B
A rise in blood glucose after a meal triggers insulin release. This is an example of:
58.
Section B
During prolonged fasting, the body primarily relies on:
59.
Section B
In insulin resistance, which tissue shows decreased glucose uptake?
60.
Section B
Protein deficiency affects:
61.
Section B
A patient with vitamin D deficiency shows poor calcium absorption. Which process is affected?
62.
Section B
Oxidative stress results from:
63.
Section B
Post-exercise nutrition helps in:
64.
Section B
Insulin and glucagon work together to maintain:
66.
Section B
Gut microbiota influence:
67.
Section B
Magnesium deficiency leads to:
68.
Section B
Electrolyte imbalance affects:
69.
Section B
Elevated LDL increases risk of:
71.
Section B
Vitamin A deficiency leads to:
72.
Section B
Cortisol excess leads to:
73.
Section B
High sugar intake leads to:
74.
Section B
Nutrition directly affects:
75.
Section B
Nutritional therapy is used for:
76.
Section B
Calcium deficiency leads to:
77.
Section B
High protein intake increases:
78.
Section B
Increased sodium intake leads to:
79.
Section B
Personalized nutrition is based on:
80.
Section B
A patient with metabolic acidosis compensates by:
81.
Section B
A deficiency in intrinsic factor leads to impaired absorption of:
82.
Section B
A diet high in trans fats is most likely to increase:
83.
Section B
Muscle contraction is directly dependent on:
84.
Section B
A diet rich in fiber helps reduce:
85.
Section B
A patient presents with obesity, high insulin levels, and irregular cycles. The condition is most likely:
86.
Section B
A high glycemic index food causes:
87.
Section B
A patient with gut dysbiosis is likely to experience:
88.
Section B
Chronic dehydration affects:
89.
Section B
Chronic inflammation is linked to:
90.
Section B
A patient with anemia will show:
91.
Section B
The enteric nervous system primarily regulates:
93.
Section B
Lifestyle diseases are mainly caused by:
95.
Section B
Integration of physiology and nutrition results in:
97.
Section B
Anti-inflammatory diet includes:
100.
Section C
Vitamin D deficiency affects which system most?
101.
Section C
Electrolyte imbalance causes muscle cramps due to impaired:
102.
Section C
During intense exercise, muscle fatigue occurs due to lactic acid accumulation. Which pathway is involved?
103.
Section C
A patient consuming a high-sodium diet develops hypertension. Which physiological mechanism is responsible?
104.
Section C
A patient with chronic kidney disease is advised protein restriction. Why?
105.
Section C
A patient with lactose intolerance avoids milk. Which digestive process is impaired?
106.
Section C
A patient with insulin resistance shows postprandial hyperglycemia. Which tissue is primarily affected?
107.
Section C
Potassium deficiency causes arrhythmia due to impaired:
108.
Section C
A patient with hypothyroidism shows fatigue and weight gain. What is the metabolic change?
109.
Section C
Iron deficiency reduces oxygen delivery due to:
110.
Section C
PCOS-related insulin resistance results from:
111.
Section C
After a high-fat meal, bile secretion increases. What is the primary role of bile here?
112.
Section C
A person with chronic dehydration experiences fatigue and low urine output. Which hormone is involved?
113.
Section C
A COPD patient shows reduced oxygen saturation. Which function is impaired?
114.
Section C
Omega-3 fatty acids reduce inflammation by:
115.
Section C
High sodium intake increases BP due to:
116.
Section C
Chronic stress leads to increased fat deposition. Which hormone is responsible?
117.
Section C
A high sugar diet leads to fatigue due to:
118.
Section C
A patient with high LDL is advised fiber intake. Why?
119.
Section C
Trans fats increase cardiovascular risk by:
120.
Section C
A patient with low calcium intake develops weak bones. Which process is impaired?
121.
Section C
Metabolic syndrome is primarily due to:
122.
Section C
Vitamin B12 deficiency causes neurological symptoms due to:
123.
Section C
High-protein diet enhances:
124.
Section C
Exercise improves insulin sensitivity by:
125.
Section C
Gut microbiota imbalance leads to inflammation due to:
126.
Section C
High-fat diet delays gastric emptying because:
127.
Section C
A diabetic patient is advised to consume low glycemic index foods. Why?
128.
Section C
Antioxidants reduce oxidative stress by:
129.
Section C
Dehydration leads to low BP due to:
130.
Section C
Hyperglycemia leads to polyuria due to:
131.
Section C
Elevated cortisol affects metabolism by:
132.
Section C
Low hemoglobin leads to fatigue due to impaired:
133.
Section C
Balanced nutrition supports:
135.
Section C
Low thyroid hormone causes fatigue due to:
136.
Section C
A patient with anemia complains of breathlessness during mild activity. Why?
137.
Section C
Vitamin C deficiency impairs wound healing due to:
138.
Section C
Chronic kidney disease causes toxin buildup due to:
139.
Section C
Magnesium deficiency affects stress response by:
140.
Section C
Omega-3 reduces inflammation by:
141.
Section C
Asthma affects breathing due to constriction of:
142.
Section C
Exercise improves lipid profile by:
143.
Section C
High-fiber diet improves digestion by:
144.
Section C
Exercise reduces cardiovascular risk by:
145.
Section C
Probiotics improve immunity by:
146.
Section C
Electrolyte imbalance causes confusion due to:
147.
Section C
High sugar intake causes insulin spikes leading to:
148.
Section C
Obesity leads to insulin resistance due to:
149.
Section C
High protein intake increases muscle mass due to:
150.
Section D
Assertion (A): Vitamin C is an antioxidant. Reason (R): It neutralizes free radicals.
151.
Section D
Assertion (A): NADPH is essential for biosynthesis. Reason (R): It provides reducing power for anabolic reactions.
152.
Section D
Assertion (A): Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Reason (R): Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
153.
Section D
Assertion (A): Insulin lowers blood glucose. Reason (R): It promotes glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis.
154.
Section D
Assertion (A): Biochemistry studies chemical processes in living organisms. Reason (R): It explains metabolism and molecular interactions.
155.
Section D
Assertion (A): NADPH is essential for biosynthesis. Reason (R): It provides reducing power for anabolic reactions.
156.
Section D
Assertion (A): Water-soluble vitamins act as coenzymes. Reason (R): They assist enzyme-mediated reactions.
157.
Section D
Assertion (A): Phenylketonuria leads to neurological damage. Reason (R): Phenylalanine accumulates due to enzyme deficiency.
158.
Section D
Assertion (A): Vitamin D regulates calcium absorption. Reason (R): It increases intestinal calcium uptake.
159.
Section D
Assertion (A): ATP is required for cellular processes. Reason (R): It provides energy for metabolic reactions.
160.
Section D
Assertion (A): Carbohydrates are the primary energy source. Reason (R): Glucose is readily oxidized to produce ATP.
161.
Section D
Assertion (A): Cholesterol is harmful to the body. Reason (R): It is required for steroid hormone synthesis.
162.
Section D
Assertion (A): Beta-oxidation occurs in mitochondria. Reason (R): Fatty acids are oxidized to produce acetyl-CoA.
163.
Section D
Assertion (A): Lipids are a dense source of energy. Reason (R): They yield more ATP than carbohydrates.
164.
Section D
Assertion (A): Epigenetics involves DNA sequence changes. Reason (R): It modifies gene expression without altering sequence.
165.
Section D
Assertion (A): Bile contains digestive enzymes. Reason (R): It helps emulsify fats.
166.
Section D
Assertion (A): Water is essential for biochemical reactions. Reason (R): It acts as a solvent and participates in reactions.
167.
Section D
Assertion (A): Lipogenesis is stimulated by insulin. Reason (R): Insulin promotes fat storage in fed state.
168.
Section D
Assertion (A): Transamination is reversible. Reason (R): Amino groups are transferred between amino acids and keto acids.
169.
Section D
Assertion (A): Glucagon increases blood glucose levels. Reason (R): It stimulates glycogen breakdown in liver.
170.
Section D
Assertion (A): Glycogen is stored in liver and muscles. Reason (R): It serves as a readily available energy reserve.
171.
Section D
Assertion (A): Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting. Reason (R): It helps in synthesis of clotting factors.
172.
Section D
Assertion (A): Buffers help maintain pH balance in the body. Reason (R): They resist changes in hydrogen ion concentration.
173.
Section D
Assertion (A): Glycolysis occurs in mitochondria. Reason (R): It produces ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
174.
Section D
Assertion (A): Potassium is important for nerve transmission. Reason (R): It maintains membrane potential.
175.
Section D
Assertion (A): Calcium is essential for muscle contraction. Reason (R): It facilitates actin-myosin interaction.
176.
Section D
Assertion (A): Urea cycle detoxifies ammonia. Reason (R): Ammonia is converted into urea in liver.
177.
Section D
Assertion (A): Diet influences epigenetic modifications. Reason (R): Nutrients act as signaling molecules.
178.
Section D
Assertion (A): Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in mitochondria. Reason (R): It produces ATP using oxygen.
179.
Section D
Assertion (A): Gluconeogenesis maintains blood glucose during fasting. Reason (R): It synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
180.
Section D
Assertion (A): Glucagon is dominant in fasting state. Reason (R): It mobilizes stored energy.
181.
Section D
Assertion (A): Exercise increases ATP demand. Reason (R): Muscles require energy for contraction.
182.
Section D
Assertion (A): Insulin is dominant in fed state. Reason (R): It promotes storage of nutrients.
183.
Section D
Assertion (A): Iron is required for hemoglobin synthesis. Reason (R): Hemoglobin carries oxygen in blood.
184.
Section D
Assertion (A): Vitamin toxicity can occur with fat-soluble vitamins. Reason (R): They are stored in body tissues.
185.
Section D
Assertion (A): Gibbs free energy determines reaction spontaneity. Reason (R): Negative ΔG indicates spontaneous reaction.
186.
Section D
Assertion (A): Sodium regulates fluid balance. Reason (R): It controls osmotic pressure.
187.
Section D
Assertion (A): Personalized nutrition improves health outcomes. Reason (R): It considers genetic differences.
188.
Section D
Assertion (A): Fasting state involves fat utilization. Reason (R): Glycogen stores are depleted.
189.
Section D
Assertion (A): Biochemical markers help diagnose diseases. Reason (R): They reflect metabolic changes.
190.
Section D
Assertion (A): Fatty liver occurs due to lipid accumulation. Reason (R): Excess fat is stored in hepatocytes.
191.
Section D
Assertion (A): Hyperlipidemia increases cardiovascular risk. Reason (R): Lipid accumulation forms plaques in arteries.
192.
Section D
Assertion (A): Diabetes mellitus affects carbohydrate metabolism. Reason (R): It involves impaired insulin function.
193.
Section D
Assertion (A): Electron transport chain produces ATP. Reason (R): It uses electrons to generate proton gradient.
194.
Section D
Assertion (A): Homeostasis requires coordination of systems. Reason (R): Multiple organs regulate internal balance.
195.
Section D
Assertion (A): DNA methylation affects gene expression. Reason (R): It can silence genes.
196.
Section D
Assertion (A): Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in mitochondria. Reason (R): It produces ATP using oxygen.
197.
Section D
Assertion (A): Nutrigenomics studies gene-diet interaction. Reason (R): Nutrients influence gene expression.
198.
Section D
Assertion (A): PKU affects amino acid metabolism. Reason (R): Phenylalanine cannot be converted to tyrosine.
199.
Section D
Assertion (A): Integration of metabolism is essential. Reason (R): Different pathways interact to maintain homeostasis.
200.
Section D
Assertion (A): Cortisol increases blood glucose. Reason (R): It stimulates gluconeogenesis.
